2025-09-19.1_V Plumwood on the techniques of mastery

Backgrounding: the master’s dependency on the other is denied and made imperceptible;
Radical exclusion: differences between the master and the other are highlighted and magnified while shared qualities are minimized; value judgments are passed on all differences: all qualities possessed by the master are positive, while all qualities possessed by the other are either negative or not acknowledged;
Incorporation: the master embodies the norm against which the other is to be measured; the other is defined in terms of how well she approximates the master;
Instrumentalism: the other is an instrument for the master, does not have ends or interests of her own; her existence is justified by her being a resource for the master;
Homogenization: the class of the others is represented and perceived as homogeneous: all differences among various groups and individuals are neglected in favour of the only significant difference, that between the master and the other. By reinforcing the separation between the category of master and the category of other, this turns the two categories into natural categories.